The International Olympic Committee (IOC) has revealed the initial 28 sports on the 2028 Los Angeles Olympic Games programme.

Among the notable inclusions are three sports which made their debut at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games, skateboarding, climbing, and surfing, while boxing, weightlifting and modern pentathlon have been left off the initial programme.

The three sports which have been left off the list will have the opportunity to be included during an IOC session in 2023, assuming they have met certain criteria around financial transparency and governance, with modern pentathlon asked to provide plans for a replacement to horses in the competition.

Discussing the challenges ahead for boxing, weightlifting and modern pentathlon, IOC president, Thomas Bach, said: “They must demonstrate a significant reduction in cost and complexity and improvements across the areas for safety, accessibility, universality, appeal for youth and general public.”

The 2023 IOC session will also see the proposal of additional sports for LA’s Olympics, as well as a review of each sport’s disciplines to be finalised prior to the session.

LA 2028 chair, Casey Wasserman, said: “As we look at additional sport recommendations, we will continue to focus on sports that are relevant to Los Angeles, provide an incredible fan experience and contribute to the success of the Games.”

“We want to build on tradition, while progressing the Olympic Games forward,” Wasserman said.

The review of each sport’s disciplines will cover six areas, in line with the recommendations of Olympic Agenda 2020+5, including:

1. Cost and complexity
2. Popularity and host country interest
3. Uniqueness, universality, gender equality and relevance for young people
4. Best athletes and athlete safety
5. Integrity and fairness
6. Environmental sustainability